Audi Nuvolari; Teaching Kids to Judge Tires (for charity!)

The Ford Mustang is a classic American sports coupe/pony car known for its long-running performance and customization culture. In the podcast, it comes up in a surprising context—mentioning a six-wheeled Mustang—showing how the name can be applied to unusual builds and judging events. It’s discussed because it’s instantly recognizable and often used as a benchmark for car culture.

This segment is about the hosts’ charity event where cars are judged and kids are taught how to evaluate them. It’s more of a community/format topic than a technical automotive subject.

“992.1 Turbo S” refers to the Porsche 911 Turbo S in the 992 generation, specifically the mid-cycle refresh often called 992.1. It’s Porsche’s high-output twin-turbo 911 variant, known for strong straight-line speed and advanced all-wheel-drive traction.

The Toyota Crown is a long-running Japanese sedan/flagship model known for blending comfort with a more upscale positioning. The podcast mentions “conflating two vehicles” and references “Thomas Crown affair,” suggesting a connection to a specific look or role in media. It’s discussed because the Crown can be recognized through styling and pop-culture associations.

The Jeep Wrangler is a rugged off-road SUV known for removable doors/roof and a solid reputation in trail use. In this context, it’s being referenced as the support vehicle that follows the “Thomas Crown affair” Mustang—basically the chase/support rig.

The Lamborghini LP640 is a performance-focused variant of the Lamborghini Gallardo family, known for its high-output V10 and track-capable attitude. In this segment, it’s mentioned as a standout among the exotics being judged, implying it impressed despite the tire-age rules.

The Porsche 997 GT3 RS is a track-oriented 911 variant from the 997 generation, built for high grip and driver feedback. Here it’s specifically called out as having a full cage, which is a common track safety modification that also signals serious intent.

A full cage is a multi-point roll-cage installed inside the cabin to protect occupants in a crash and to stiffen the chassis. It’s more common on track-focused cars, and its presence often correlates with more aggressive driving and safety compliance for events.

Tires are stamped with a manufacturing date code, and “date-coded 2015” means the rubber was produced in 2015. Tire age is important because even if tread looks fine, older tires can lose grip and become unsafe. The host is using this to explain how to judge tire age at a car show.

Slicks are tires with little to no tread pattern, designed to maximize contact area and grip on dry surfaces. They’re typically used for track or specific events, and they can be especially sensitive to age because the compound and surface condition degrade over time. Here, the host connects slicks that are date-coded 2015 to the risk and judging standards.

The Mercedes SLS AMG is a halo grand tourer from Mercedes-AMG, known for its dramatic styling and performance-focused V8. In this segment, the host is pointing out that an SLS AMG can still be running on the original tires it was delivered with, which matters because tire age affects grip and safety. The point is about how to spot tire age and why old tires can cost you at events.

“DQed” is shorthand for disqualified, meaning the car didn’t meet the event’s rules. In this segment, the disqualification is specifically tied to tire age, with the host lecturing people because their tires were too old. It’s a reminder that judging criteria can include safety-related details, not just appearance.

The Porsche Carrera GT is a rare, high-performance supercar known for its extreme driving experience and limited production. The podcast context mentions a dealer network and “Carrera GT,” tying it to how these cars are sourced and sold. It’s discussed because it’s a highly desirable collectible where availability and transaction channels matter.

“Chump car” refers to the ChumpCar endurance racing series, which is known for budget-friendly, amateur teams running older or inexpensive cars. The rules and spirit emphasize reliability and finishing rather than outright speed. In the segment, the host says he’s racing a “chump car” at lemons-style events.

“Lemons” refers to the SCCA/IMSA-style “Racing for the People” ethos behind the popular “24 Hours of Lemons” concept: cheap cars, amateur teams, and an emphasis on comedy and survival. It’s a format where engine failures and mechanical stress are common, so teams plan around reliability. The host mentions racing “lemons” alongside his chump-car friend.

“Podium” means finishing in the top three positions in a race. It’s a common motorsport term because the top finishers are literally celebrated on a raised platform. The host says their expectations were to podium, but the car’s repeated blowing-up forced a change in strategy.

“E 30” refers to the BMW 3 Series E30 generation. It’s a classic, enthusiast-focused platform that’s commonly raced and modified, so it shows up in endurance-style events like lemons-style racing. In this segment, the host is talking about an E30 that keeps suffering engine failures.

“Short shift” means shifting gears earlier than you normally would to keep engine revs lower. Lower revs can reduce stress on the engine and help it survive when you’re trying to finish a race. Here, it’s suggested as a way to manage an E30 that’s been blowing up.

Sebring refers to the Sebring International Raceway in Florida, known for long, punishing endurance-style racing. Its abrasive surface and heat cycles can stress tires and cooling systems, which is why it’s a common venue for endurance events and “race to finish” strategies. In this segment, the host is setting expectations for a race there.

The Toyota Hilux is a durable pickup known for its rugged reputation and global popularity. The podcast references suspension “like a Hilux” and connects it to rough conditions, emphasizing how it can handle difficult roads. It’s discussed because it’s often used as a reference point for toughness and ride behavior under strain.

The Audi R8 is a mid-engine supercar from Audi, known for its performance and for being one of the brand’s most visible “halo” cars. In this segment, the host compares the R8’s reputation and positioning to Lamborghini’s, arguing Audi is leveraging that credibility for a new push.

A powertrain is the set of components that generate and deliver power to the wheels—typically the engine, transmission, driveshafts, and final drive. The host uses “powertrain problem” to argue that even if the car looks like a Bugatti, the underlying mechanical setup may not match the expectation created by the design.

The Bugatti EB110 is a classic 1990s Bugatti supercar known for its distinctive wedge shape and performance reputation. The host suggests the “back quarter” design resembles the EB110, implying the styling is drawing from older Bugatti cues rather than just modern trends.

The Tesla Cybertruck is an electric pickup known for its angular, futuristic design and all-electric powertrain. The podcast references choosing a color and “less Cybertruck,” which points to how distinctive its look is. It’s discussed because its design and identity are major parts of the conversation around it.

“Flame surfacing” is an enthusiast term for aggressive, flame-like body-panel sculpting—sharp, flowing highlights that create dramatic reflections. The host says “no more flame surfacing,” implying Audi may be dialing back that kind of surface drama. In design terms, it’s about how light and shape are used to make the car look more or less “busy.”

Audi TT is being referenced as a styling direction—specifically, the host compares the new design language to the TT’s more cohesive, sculpted look. They’re talking about how the body panels and surfaces flow together, not about a specific engine or trim. The “one piece of metal” comment is about visual continuity and panel integration.

Tazio is a reference to Tazio Nuvolari, the legendary Italian race driver. The host is using him as a shorthand for Auto Union-era racing imagery and proportions. That ties the modern design discussion to historic motorsport aesthetics.

A “dorsal fin” is a raised fin-like shape on a vehicle’s body, often used to create a strong visual silhouette. Here, the host says the design “needs” a dorsal fin when squished down, meaning the fin helps keep the proportions looking right. It’s a specific body-shape feature, not a generic description.

Bugatti is referenced as a brand known for a distinctive rear “bustle” behind the driver. The hosts connect that shape to older packaging needs—historically, very large engines—contrasting it with newer designs where the rear bulge can be mostly stylistic.

In car design talk, “bustle” refers to a raised rear body section or hump—often behind the driver—used to cover packaging like a large engine or exhaust. Here it’s contrasted between older cars that needed it for big engines and newer designs that keep it mainly for styling.

The Lamborghini Temerario is a modern Lamborghini supercar concept/production name being discussed here as having a “powertrain” that doesn’t need a huge rear “bustle.” The point is packaging: some cars use a big rear bulge to fit large engines, while this one uses the shape more as an aesthetic choice.

Formula One (F1) is the top level of open-wheel racing, known for highly optimized aerodynamics and distinctive body shapes. The hosts reference current F1 cars as an influence for how round the profile is and how much molding/bodywork is used.

Single-seater describes a vehicle layout where only one person sits in the cockpit, like many race cars. The hosts use it to connect the car’s shape to Formula 1 styling cues—rounder forms with lots of bodywork shaping.

The Rolls-Royce Spectre is a luxury grand tourer from Rolls-Royce, notable here because the host is using its silhouette and lighting cues as a visual comparison. They describe a “side profile” that looks like the Spectre, then talk about moving the cab forward and how that changes the proportions. It’s an example of how design language can be interpreted across brands.

“Five cylinder” refers to an inline five-cylinder engine layout, where five cylinders fire in sequence. Compared with four-cylinder engines, it can feel smoother and make strong torque; compared with six-cylinder setups, it’s often more compact and can be tuned for character. The host is using it as a key ingredient for a hypothetical Audi TT RS.

The Audi TT RS is a performance-focused version of the Audi TT, known for its high-output turbocharged engine and RS-badged track-bred tuning. In this segment, they’re specifically talking about the possibility of a new TT RS using a five-cylinder engine and Audi’s “RS” performance positioning. That makes it a notable “what if” for an affordable-ish Audi sports-car alternative.

“Shared architecture” means multiple brands (or multiple models within a group) use the same underlying vehicle platform—like the same basic layout, hardpoints, and many components. The host connects this to Volkswagen Group’s strategy, where Audi SUVs share architecture with Volkswagen products, and wonders whether Audi would need a new shared platform for a lower-cost sports car. This is a platform strategy concept that affects engineering cost and product positioning.

The Volkswagen Golf is a compact car platform that’s widely used as a foundation for different engines and trims. The podcast mentions “Golf architecture,” referring to how the underlying design and layout can be shared across related models. It comes up because platform choices affect packaging, driving feel, and how cars are engineered.

The Audi RS 3 is a performance version of the A3 that’s known for its turbocharged five-cylinder engine and track-capable handling. In this segment, the host is speculating about using the RS 3’s platform/packaging ideas for other body styles.

The Audi TTS is a performance trim of the Audi TT, typically built to deliver a sportier driving feel than the standard TT. The podcast references “the original TTS” and how they were built, which suggests discussion about which generation is being talked about. It’s discussed because different TTS generations can feel meaningfully different to owners.

Wheelbase is the distance between the front and rear axles. It strongly affects interior space (like room for a back seat) and overall proportions, and it’s central to the host’s argument about whether an RS-based car could be packaged like a TT or a smaller hatch.

The Mazda MX-5—often called the Miata—is a lightweight, rear-wheel-drive roadster focused on simple, fun driving. The podcast references a “Miata partnership” in the context of other performance cars, showing how it’s used as a benchmark for driving enjoyment. It’s discussed because it’s a popular enthusiast car with a reputation for being engaging.

The Rivian R2 is an upcoming Rivian electric vehicle positioned as a smaller, more affordable alternative to the brand’s larger R1 platform. In this segment, the host focuses on how the R2’s conventional suspension could still deliver ride and handling similar to the R1, while targeting a price under $60k for the R2 Performance.

The Rivian R1 is the brand’s larger electric vehicle platform, and the host compares it directly to the upcoming R2. They mention the R1’s “magical suspension” and also criticize its size and wheelbase, implying it can feel bigger than some drivers need.

The Rivian R1S is the three-row, SUV-style variant of Rivian’s R1 lineup, and it’s the one the host specifically references when talking about wheelbase and size. They also discuss sales trends for the R1S, noting it’s not selling as strongly as expected and that buyers seem to be waiting for the R2.

“Conventional suspension” means a more traditional suspension design rather than an advanced or unusual system. Here, the host contrasts it with the Rivian R1’s suspension, suggesting the R2 may not have the same special ride/handling technology but could still perform well.

A turbo engine uses a turbocharger to compress incoming air, allowing more oxygen to enter the cylinders. The host argues that this helps turbo cars keep stronger mid-range power at elevation (like around 5,000 feet), where naturally aspirated engines lose more.

Naturally aspirated (NA) describes an engine that draws in air without a turbocharger or supercharger. In this discussion, NA cars are contrasted with turbo cars to explain how thinner air at altitude reduces power more noticeably on NA engines.

The Mazda Miata is a lightweight, front-engine, rear-wheel-drive roadster known for momentum-based driving and balance rather than outright power. The host uses it as an analogy for canyon driving, where carrying speed through corners can matter more than peak horsepower.

Point-to-point refers to driving from one location to another, often implying a straight-line or timed route comparison. The host contrasts that with canyon driving, where you’re constantly changing speed and working through corners, so peak power matters less than momentum and cornering technique.

Altitude changes air density, which affects how much oxygen an engine can pull in. Less oxygen generally means less power, especially for naturally aspirated engines, and it can change how hard you need to work the gearbox to keep performance up.

The Volkswagen Jetta is a compact sedan that’s typically positioned as a practical alternative to larger or sportier cars. The podcast references moving from a Jetta to a turbocharged Subaru, emphasizing a “huge difference,” likely in driving feel and power. It’s discussed because it represents a common baseline car people compare against when changing to something more performance-oriented.

The Cadillac CT4 is a compact luxury sedan, and the podcast specifically mentions a CT4 V Blackwing. That points to a performance-oriented variant meant to deliver a more driver-focused experience than a typical compact sedan. It’s discussed because it’s a modern performance option that can be compared to other enthusiast cars.

The Ford Ranger is a midsize pickup truck known for being practical and widely used for work and everyday driving. The podcast mentions an “old five-speed” Ranger and describes it as “lazy and patient,” which points to a more relaxed driving character. It’s discussed because it represents a straightforward, low-stress way to drive a truck.

The Mitsubishi Delica is a versatile vehicle often associated with people who want a practical, capable platform for everyday use and longer trips. The podcast mentions moving from sports cars to the Delica, implying a shift toward comfort and usability. It’s discussed because it represents a different kind of driving experience than a typical sports car.

EV stands for electric vehicle, meaning the car is powered by an electric motor instead of a gasoline engine. The host contrasts EV road-tripping behavior—especially how power delivery and cabin quietness affect driver mood and decision-making.

Throttle refers to the driver’s input that controls how much power the car requests from its powertrain. Here, the host specifically mentions smashing the throttle to get a fast-feeling response even when the car is the “slow one.”

Sport mode is a driving setting that changes how the car responds—typically making throttle mapping more aggressive and sharpening steering and transmission behavior. The host ties it to feeling “pretty fast” even in a slower configuration.

The Ferrari Luce is referenced as a concept or name in the podcast’s discussion of “mood board features,” tied to early 1990s design influences. The context suggests it’s being discussed more for styling and design inspiration than as a detailed ownership recommendation. It’s brought up because it connects to how people imagine or compare future/imagined Ferrari designs.

The Land Rover Range Rover is a luxury SUV built for comfort, refinement, and off-road capability. The podcast notes that some companies “do it” while Range Rover “still sticking to their guns,” implying it keeps its traditional approach. It’s discussed because it’s a flagship model where design and engineering philosophy matter to buyers.

The Toyota RAV4 is a compact SUV that’s known for being practical and widely sold. The podcast notes that automakers have moved toward more aggressive looks, and uses the RAV4 as an example of that styling shift. It’s discussed because design trends can change how a familiar SUV is perceived.

The Toyota Camry is a mainstream midsize sedan known for comfort, efficiency, and broad appeal. The podcast mentions an “intimidating aggressive shape” even though it’s “a Camry,” highlighting how styling can change perceptions of a familiar model. It’s discussed because it’s a common car that can still evolve in design and presence.

The Acura NSX is a mid-engine sports car known for its balance of everyday drivability and high-performance handling. In this segment, the host mentions a “94 NSX,” which points to the 1990s first-generation NSX (often discussed for its engineering and feel).

The Volvo 850 T5R is a performance-focused variant of the 850, known for being a turbocharged, enthusiast-friendly wagon/sedan-era Volvo. In this segment it’s brought up as part of a “quirky” lineup, highlighting how it can be interesting while still being usable.

The Nissan R32 Skyline is a legendary 1980s–early 1990s performance car, especially known in enthusiast circles for its turbocharged heritage and motorsport reputation. Here it’s included in a shortlist of “quirky” cars under $50,000 that still prioritize driving dynamics.

The Nissan 300 ZX (Z32-era) is a 1990s Japanese sports coupe known for its turbocharged options and classic grand-touring vibe. The host mentions a “mid 90s 300 ZX” as part of a shortlist, but later suggests the NSX presence would make it less appealing for their specific “quirky” criteria.

The BMW E36 M3 is a classic 3 Series-based M3 that’s widely praised for its lightweight feel and engaging rear-wheel-drive dynamics. In this segment it’s named as a candidate that fits the “front-engine rear-drive traditional” goal.

The Honda NSX is a sports car known for combining performance with everyday drivability. The podcast mentions it in the context of “your Porsche is covered” and “your NSX is covered,” which suggests it’s part of a lineup or coverage discussion. It’s discussed because the NSX is a well-known performance icon that people often include in serious car conversations.

The Mini Cooper John Cooper Works (JCW) is a performance-oriented trim of the Mini, built to feel more like a hot hatch than a basic commuter. The host frames it as a “collectible” option under $50,000 that’s still fun and easy to live with.

The BMW 5 Series is a mid-size luxury sedan line known for balancing comfort with driving dynamics. The podcast mentions an “E39 M5” as a possibility, which refers to a specific performance-focused 5 Series generation. It’s discussed because the 5 Series—especially the M5—often serves as a benchmark for sporty luxury sedans.

The BMW E39 M5 is the 1990s M5 generation known for its traditional, driver-focused layout and strong enthusiast following. The host floats it as an alternative, noting uncertainty about how “new” the buyer wants to go.

The Toyota Supra is a sports car known for its performance-focused tuning potential and strong enthusiast demand. The host suggests a “pretty lightly used Supra” and specifically calls out the “manual transmission,” implying the buyer should prioritize the driving feel and spec.

The Shelby GT 350 is a performance-focused Mustang variant associated with Shelby’s racing heritage and track-oriented tuning. The host brings it up as a recommendation after discussing the possibility of a manual Supra, suggesting it as another “fun” option within the budget.

A Shelby Mustang refers to a Ford Mustang modified or built by Shelby for higher performance and a more track-oriented character. In the podcast, it’s mentioned in the same context as choosing a manual GT350, reinforcing the idea of picking the right driving setup. It’s discussed because Shelby Mustangs are a common target for enthusiasts seeking a classic performance feel.

Weather stripping is the rubber or molded seals around doors, windows, and other openings that keep water, wind, and noise out. The host uses it as an example of “particular maintenance” on older cars, estimating a potentially expensive repair cost.

“Plan Z” here is a buying/ownership strategy the hosts use to describe how they approach acquiring cars for a specific goal. In this segment, it’s about being upfront with the level of maintenance you might need on an older car, and comparing that to buying a newer car you’ll keep longer.

The Suzuki Cappuccino is a small, lightweight sports car that’s known for its compact size and fun, tossable feel. The podcast mentions it as something people could “get your own,” implying it’s part of a playful list of enthusiast cars. It’s discussed because it’s a niche, lightweight roadster that stands out from typical mainstream choices.

Turbocharged means the engine uses a turbocharger to force more air into the cylinders, allowing more power than a naturally aspirated engine of the same size. In this segment, it’s used to describe why certain cars (like the Evo) are fun and stand out.

An exhaust downpipe is the section of the exhaust system that connects the turbo to the rest of the exhaust. Swapping or tuning the downpipe can change exhaust flow and turbo behavior, which is why it’s commonly paired with ECU tuning on turbo cars like the Mitsubishi Evo.

“Recommended speed for a corner” refers to the speed a driver should use to safely negotiate a turn given traction limits, road conditions, and vehicle dynamics. The host frames it as a benchmark, then asks how much faster someone might go in a capable car in real canyon conditions.

Tarmac is the paved road surface (as opposed to gravel, dirt, or other loose material). The speaker uses it to explain grip: if you can see tarmac through the debris, the tires are contacting a more stable surface than fully covered pavement.

“Slippery as hell” is describing a major traction change when loose material covers the pavement. When dirt or gravel fully covers tarmac, the tires may lose grip and the car can behave unpredictably, especially mid-corner.

The Volkswagen Eos is a compact car that’s known for its convertible-style design, offering open-air driving in a more practical package. The podcast compares it to the Camry market and says it’s “not as exclusive or unique,” framing it as a less rare alternative. It’s discussed because it’s an example of a niche model that still targets mainstream buyers.

“Slotted and drilled rotors” are brake rotors machined with grooves (slots) and/or holes (drilling) to manage heat and brake dust. The slots help provide a path for gases and debris, while drilling is often discussed as improving cooling and reducing pad glazing. In practice, many enthusiasts prefer vented rotors and slots over drilled rotors for street use because the cooling benefit can be smaller than expected.

“Ventilated” rotors have internal vanes that increase airflow through the rotor, improving heat dissipation. Adding “slots” further helps clear gases and debris from the pad/rotor interface, which can help maintain consistent braking feel. The host is contrasting this with drilled rotors for daily and weekend canyon driving.

“Endurance racing” refers to long-duration motorsport events where cars run for hours and brakes must stay effective despite sustained heat. The host uses it to argue that even “solid steel brakes” can work when the system is managed correctly. It’s a context for why rotor upgrades aren’t automatically necessary for street driving.

A “brake pad” is the friction material clamped against the rotor to slow the car. Different pad compounds are designed for different temperature ranges; track-focused pads often tolerate higher heat than typical street pads. The host mentions that a street pad can get hotter faster than a track pad, which influences rotor choice.

A “vented rotor” is a brake rotor design with internal passages (vanes) that promote airflow to reduce brake fade. The host’s argument is that a vented rotor with slots can help keep temperatures down for weekend driving without needing drilled rotors. This is tied to how quickly brakes heat up on the street versus track use.

The Chevrolet Corvette is a long-running American sports car known for performance, styling, and value relative to many luxury sports options. The podcast mentions a “decent auto gearbox,” “good trunk space,” and compares it to other performance coupes, which frames it as a practical sports choice. It’s discussed because it’s both exciting and usable for real ownership.

The BMW F80 M4 is the M4 generation from the mid-2010s, built around BMW’s inline-six “M” performance formula. The “F80” matters because it’s tied to that specific chassis generation and its driving character.

“CL 63” refers to the AMG version of Mercedes’ CL-Class grand tourer, known for strong performance and a luxury GT feel. Here, it’s contrasted with the BMW M8 and discussed as a more appealing pick for the kind of driving the hosts want.

The Mercedes C63 Coupe is a performance version of the C-Class, known for its AMG-tuned power and aggressive driving feel. In this segment, it’s mentioned as a potential alternative to BMW’s M4 and other high-performance coupes.

The Acura CL is a luxury coupe from Acura’s lineup, known for being a more traditional, comfort-oriented alternative to sportier coupes. The podcast mentions it in a list of cars people might consider, including other performance models, which suggests it’s being weighed as a potential “classic” option. It’s discussed because it represents a specific era of luxury coupe design and ownership appeal.

The BMW M8 is BMW’s high-performance grand tourer/coupe offering, positioned as a more powerful alternative to other luxury performance cars. In this segment, the hosts debate whether it’s worth choosing over the Mercedes CL 63.

The Audi RS 5 is a performance coupe/fastback known for its RS-badged tuning and strong all-around road manners. The hosts call it “fantastic” and use it as another example of a compelling car choice around the same budget range.

The Porsche Panamera Turbo S is a high-performance version of Porsche’s four-door sports sedan, combining turbocharged power with a luxury touring layout. The hosts mention it in the context of what you can buy for around $70k and note it’s a sedan rather than a “GT” in the traditional sense.

“Depreciates” refers to how much a car’s value drops over time after you buy it. The host claims that AMG cars depreciate less than many others, meaning you can get more money-for-car when buying used.

The Rolls-Royce Phantom is the brand’s flagship ultra-luxury sedan, famous for its long-wheelbase comfort and high-end craftsmanship. The hosts wonder whether you can get one for around $70k, implying it would likely be an older, worn example.

PDK is Porsche’s dual-clutch transmission, designed to shift quickly and keep power flowing with minimal interruption. The host says you don’t necessarily need the PDK gearbox for a comfortable cruiser experience.

“Slush box” is a slang term for a conventional automatic transmission that prioritizes smoothness over fast, sporty shifts. In this context, the host implies that even a less performance-oriented automatic can still make a great comfortable cruiser.

The Aston Martin DBS is a grand tourer—an upscale sports car built for comfortable high-speed cruising. The podcast calls it an “extremely good cruiser” and mentions older DBS models and the idea of “rolling a dice,” which points to variability in ownership experience. It’s discussed because it’s a desirable, performance-oriented luxury car where condition and maintenance history matter.

The Porsche Cayman GTS is a performance-focused trim of Porsche’s mid-engine Cayman, typically tuned for sharper handling and a more driver-oriented feel than base models. The host calls it a great car and highlights its comfort and practicality.

The Lamborghini Countach is a legendary supercar known for its bold styling and iconic place in automotive history. The podcast references “monthly run rate,” which suggests discussion around the ongoing cost of owning one. It’s discussed because the Countach is not just a car—it’s a high-profile ownership and maintenance commitment.